TY - JOUR
T1 - Electrospun Multilayer Scaffolds Based on Poly (L-Lactic Acid) and Poly (Acrylonitrile) Reinforced with CaO Nanoparticles for Enhanced Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing
AU - Rivera, Eugenio
AU - Montoille, Lissette
AU - Guajardo, Fabián
AU - Álvarez-Carrasco, Fabian
AU - Romero, Sebastián
AU - Gómez-Barrena, Mauricio
AU - Lopez, Esmeralda
AU - Loyo, Carlos
AU - García-Herrera, Claudio
AU - Zapata, Paula A.
AU - Zárate-Triviño, Diana
AU - Martinez, Juan José
AU - Canales, Daniel A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 by the authors.
PY - 2026/4
Y1 - 2026/4
N2 - This study reports the development and characterization of hierarchical electrospun scaffolds based on poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) reinforced with calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (18.5 ± 4.7 nm) for skin regeneration. Six configurations, including two five-layer multilayer systems (PLA/PAN/CaO and PAN/PLA/CaO), were evaluated to determine how composition and deposition sequence influence physicochemical, mechanical, and biological performance. FT-IR, XRD and DSC confirmed the successful integration of CaO, while thermal analysis evidenced an effect of chain mobility and interfacial interactions within multilayer systems. Cross-sectional SEM revealed the presence of both fibers with continuous interfaces. Nitrogen adsorption showed that CaO significantly increased the specific surface area (e.g., from 4.6 m2/g in neat PLA to 21.65 m2/g in PLA/CaO), with type IV isotherms indicating mesoporosity. Wettability assays demonstrated reduced contact angle in PLA (from 126.3° to 91.8°) and sequence-dependent surface properties in multilayers. Tensile testing confirmed that the multilayer architecture bridged the mechanical gap between compliant PLA and high-strength PAN, yielding intermediate moduli (~10–11 MPa) and balanced toughness. Antibacterial assays against S. aureus and E. coli showed that CaO significantly reduced bacterial viability, with PLA/PAN/CaO achieving the highest inhibition (up to 37.1%). In vitro HaCaT assays and in vivo implantation in BALB/c mice confirmed high cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. These findings demonstrate that multilayer electrospinning of PLA/PAN/CaO enables the design of structurally integrated, bioactive, and mechanically balanced scaffolds for advanced wound healing and dermal repair.
AB - This study reports the development and characterization of hierarchical electrospun scaffolds based on poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) reinforced with calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (18.5 ± 4.7 nm) for skin regeneration. Six configurations, including two five-layer multilayer systems (PLA/PAN/CaO and PAN/PLA/CaO), were evaluated to determine how composition and deposition sequence influence physicochemical, mechanical, and biological performance. FT-IR, XRD and DSC confirmed the successful integration of CaO, while thermal analysis evidenced an effect of chain mobility and interfacial interactions within multilayer systems. Cross-sectional SEM revealed the presence of both fibers with continuous interfaces. Nitrogen adsorption showed that CaO significantly increased the specific surface area (e.g., from 4.6 m2/g in neat PLA to 21.65 m2/g in PLA/CaO), with type IV isotherms indicating mesoporosity. Wettability assays demonstrated reduced contact angle in PLA (from 126.3° to 91.8°) and sequence-dependent surface properties in multilayers. Tensile testing confirmed that the multilayer architecture bridged the mechanical gap between compliant PLA and high-strength PAN, yielding intermediate moduli (~10–11 MPa) and balanced toughness. Antibacterial assays against S. aureus and E. coli showed that CaO significantly reduced bacterial viability, with PLA/PAN/CaO achieving the highest inhibition (up to 37.1%). In vitro HaCaT assays and in vivo implantation in BALB/c mice confirmed high cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. These findings demonstrate that multilayer electrospinning of PLA/PAN/CaO enables the design of structurally integrated, bioactive, and mechanically balanced scaffolds for advanced wound healing and dermal repair.
KW - CaO nanoparticles
KW - PLA/PAN blends
KW - electrospun matrices
KW - multilayer architectures
KW - skin tissue regeneration
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105037060606
U2 - 10.3390/polym18080960
DO - 10.3390/polym18080960
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105037060606
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 18
JO - Polymers
JF - Polymers
IS - 8
M1 - 960
ER -