Transit timings variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270

Laurel Kaye; Shreyas Vissapragada; Maximilian N. Günther; Suzanne Aigrain; Thomas Mikal-Evans; Eric L.N. Jensen; Hannu Parviainen; Francisco J. Pozuelos; Lyu Abe; Jack S. Acton; Abdelkrim Agabi; Douglas R. Alves; David R. Anderson; David J. Armstrong; Khalid Barkaoui; Oscar Barragán; Björn Benneke; Patricia T. Boyd; Rafael Brahm; Ivan Bruni; Edward M. Bryant; Matthew R. Burleigh; Sarah L. Casewell; David Ciardi; Ryan Cloutier; Karen A. Collins; Kevin I. Collins; Dennis M. Conti; Ian J.M. Crossfield; Nicolas Crouzet; Tansu Daylan; Diana Dragomir; Georgina Dransfield; Daniel Fabrycky; Michael Fausnaugh; Gábor Fuurész; Tianjun Gan; Samuel Gill; Michaël Gillon; Michael R. Goad; Varoujan Gorjian; Michael Greklek-Mckeon; Natalia Guerrero; Tristan Guillot; Emmanuël Jehin; J. S. Jenkins; Monika Lendl; Jacob Kamler; Stephen R. Kane; John F. Kielkopf; Michelle Kunimoto; Wenceslas Marie-Sainte; James Mccormac; Djamel Mékarnia; Farisa Y. Morales; Maximiliano Moyano; Enric Palle; Vivien Parmentier; Howard M. Relles; François Xavier Schmider; Richard P. Schwarz; S. Seager; Alexis M.S. Smith; Thiam Guan Tan; Jake Taylor; Amaury H.M.J. Triaud; Joseph D. Twicken; Stephane Udry; J. I. Vines; Gavin Wang; Peter J. Wheatley; Joshua N. Winn

doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3483

Transit timings variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270

Laurel Kaye, Shreyas Vissapragada, Maximilian N. Günther, Suzanne Aigrain, Thomas Mikal-Evans, Eric L.N. Jensen, Hannu Parviainen, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Lyu Abe, Jack S. Acton, Abdelkrim Agabi, Douglas R. Alves, David R. Anderson, David J. Armstrong, Khalid Barkaoui, Oscar Barragán, Björn Benneke, Patricia T. Boyd, Rafael Brahm, Ivan BruniEdward M. Bryant, Matthew R. Burleigh, Sarah L. Casewell, David Ciardi, Ryan Cloutier, Karen A. Collins, Kevin I. Collins, Dennis M. Conti, Ian J.M. Crossfield, Nicolas Crouzet, Tansu Daylan, Diana Dragomir, Georgina Dransfield, Daniel Fabrycky, Michael Fausnaugh, Gábor Fuurész, Tianjun Gan, Samuel Gill, Michaël Gillon, Michael R. Goad, Varoujan Gorjian, Michael Greklek-Mckeon, Natalia Guerrero, Tristan Guillot, Emmanuël Jehin, J. S. Jenkins, Monika Lendl, Jacob Kamler, Stephen R. Kane, John F. Kielkopf, Michelle Kunimoto, Wenceslas Marie-Sainte, James Mccormac, Djamel Mékarnia, Farisa Y. Morales, Maximiliano Moyano, Enric Palle, Vivien Parmentier, Howard M. Relles, François Xavier Schmider, Richard P. Schwarz, S. Seager, Alexis M.S. Smith, Thiam Guan Tan, Jake Taylor, Amaury H.M.J. Triaud, Joseph D. Twicken, Stephane Udry, J. I. Vines, Gavin Wang, Peter J. Wheatley, Joshua N. Winn

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Abstract

We present ground- and space-based photometric observations of TOI-270 (L231-32), a system of three transiting planets consisting of one super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes discovered by TESS around a bright (K-mag = 8.25) M3V dwarf. The planets orbit near low-order mean-motion resonances (5:3 and 2:1) and are thus expected to exhibit large transit timing variations (TTVs). Following an extensive observing campaign using eight different observatories between 2018 and 2020, we now report a clear detection of TTVs for planets c and d, with amplitudes of ∼10 min and a super-period of ∼3 yr, as well as significantly refined estimates of the radii and mean orbital periods of all three planets. Dynamical modelling of the TTVs alone puts strong constraints on the mass ratio of planets c and d and on their eccentricities. When incorporating recently published constraints from radial velocity observations, we obtain masses of Mb=1.48± 0.18, M⊕, Mc=6.20± 0.31, M⊕, and Md=4.20± 0.16, M⊕ for planets b, c, and d, respectively. We also detect small but significant eccentricities for all three planets: eb = 0.0167 ± 0.0084, ec = 0.0044 ± 0.0006, and ed = 0.0066 ± 0.0020. Our findings imply an Earth-like rocky composition for the inner planet, and Earth-like cores with an additional He/H2O atmosphere for the outer two. TOI-270 is now one of the best constrained systems of small transiting planets, and it remains an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	5464-5485
Number of pages	22
Journal	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume	510
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3483
State	Published - 1 Mar 2022
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

planets and satellites: composition
planets and satellites: formation
planets and satellites: fundamental parameters

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10.1093/mnras/stab3483

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Kaye, L., Vissapragada, S., Günther, M. N., Aigrain, S., Mikal-Evans, T., Jensen, E. L. N., Parviainen, H., Pozuelos, F. J., Abe, L., Acton, J. S., Agabi, A., Alves, D. R., Anderson, D. R., Armstrong, D. J., Barkaoui, K., Barragán, O., Benneke, B., Boyd, P. T., Brahm, R., ... Winn, J. N. (2022). Transit timings variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 510(4), 5464-5485. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3483

@article{80f702c3760d46e484d91cca6346d07f,

title = "Transit timings variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270",

abstract = "We present ground- and space-based photometric observations of TOI-270 (L231-32), a system of three transiting planets consisting of one super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes discovered by TESS around a bright (K-mag = 8.25) M3V dwarf. The planets orbit near low-order mean-motion resonances (5:3 and 2:1) and are thus expected to exhibit large transit timing variations (TTVs). Following an extensive observing campaign using eight different observatories between 2018 and 2020, we now report a clear detection of TTVs for planets c and d, with amplitudes of ∼10 min and a super-period of ∼3 yr, as well as significantly refined estimates of the radii and mean orbital periods of all three planets. Dynamical modelling of the TTVs alone puts strong constraints on the mass ratio of planets c and d and on their eccentricities. When incorporating recently published constraints from radial velocity observations, we obtain masses of Mb=1.48± 0.18, M⊕, Mc=6.20± 0.31, M⊕, and Md=4.20± 0.16, M⊕ for planets b, c, and d, respectively. We also detect small but significant eccentricities for all three planets: eb = 0.0167 ± 0.0084, ec = 0.0044 ± 0.0006, and ed = 0.0066 ± 0.0020. Our findings imply an Earth-like rocky composition for the inner planet, and Earth-like cores with an additional He/H2O atmosphere for the outer two. TOI-270 is now one of the best constrained systems of small transiting planets, and it remains an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.",

keywords = "planets and satellites: composition, planets and satellites: formation, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters",

author = "Laurel Kaye and Shreyas Vissapragada and G{\"u}nther, {Maximilian N.} and Suzanne Aigrain and Thomas Mikal-Evans and Jensen, {Eric L.N.} and Hannu Parviainen and Pozuelos, {Francisco J.} and Lyu Abe and Acton, {Jack S.} and Abdelkrim Agabi and Alves, {Douglas R.} and Anderson, {David R.} and Armstrong, {David J.} and Khalid Barkaoui and Oscar Barrag{\'a}n and Bj{\"o}rn Benneke and Boyd, {Patricia T.} and Rafael Brahm and Ivan Bruni and Bryant, {Edward M.} and Burleigh, {Matthew R.} and Casewell, {Sarah L.} and David Ciardi and Ryan Cloutier and Collins, {Karen A.} and Collins, {Kevin I.} and Conti, {Dennis M.} and Crossfield, {Ian J.M.} and Nicolas Crouzet and Tansu Daylan and Diana Dragomir and Georgina Dransfield and Daniel Fabrycky and Michael Fausnaugh and G{\'a}bor Fuur{\'e}sz and Tianjun Gan and Samuel Gill and Micha{\"e}l Gillon and Goad, {Michael R.} and Varoujan Gorjian and Michael Greklek-Mckeon and Natalia Guerrero and Tristan Guillot and Emmanu{\"e}l Jehin and Jenkins, {J. S.} and Monika Lendl and Jacob Kamler and Kane, {Stephen R.} and Kielkopf, {John F.} and Michelle Kunimoto and Wenceslas Marie-Sainte and James Mccormac and Djamel M{\'e}karnia and Morales, {Farisa Y.} and Maximiliano Moyano and Enric Palle and Vivien Parmentier and Relles, {Howard M.} and Schmider, {Fran{\c c}ois Xavier} and Schwarz, {Richard P.} and S. Seager and Smith, {Alexis M.S.} and Tan, {Thiam Guan} and Jake Taylor and Triaud, {Amaury H.M.J.} and Twicken, {Joseph D.} and Stephane Udry and Vines, {J. I.} and Gavin Wang and Wheatley, {Peter J.} and Winn, {Joshua N.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.",

year = "2022",

month = mar,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1093/mnras/stab3483",

language = "English",

volume = "510",

pages = "5464--5485",

journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",

issn = "0035-8711",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

number = "4",

}

Kaye, L, Vissapragada, S, Günther, MN, Aigrain, S, Mikal-Evans, T, Jensen, ELN, Parviainen, H, Pozuelos, FJ, Abe, L, Acton, JS, Agabi, A, Alves, DR, Anderson, DR, Armstrong, DJ, Barkaoui, K, Barragán, O, Benneke, B, Boyd, PT, Brahm, R, Bruni, I, Bryant, EM, Burleigh, MR, Casewell, SL, Ciardi, D, Cloutier, R, Collins, KA, Collins, KI, Conti, DM, Crossfield, IJM, Crouzet, N, Daylan, T, Dragomir, D, Dransfield, G, Fabrycky, D, Fausnaugh, M, Fuurész, G, Gan, T, Gill, S, Gillon, M, Goad, MR, Gorjian, V, Greklek-Mckeon, M, Guerrero, N, Guillot, T, Jehin, E, Jenkins, JS, Lendl, M, Kamler, J, Kane, SR, Kielkopf, JF, Kunimoto, M, Marie-Sainte, W, Mccormac, J, Mékarnia, D, Morales, FY, Moyano, M, Palle, E, Parmentier, V, Relles, HM, Schmider, FX, Schwarz, RP, Seager, S, Smith, AMS, Tan, TG, Taylor, J, Triaud, AHMJ, Twicken, JD, Udry, S, Vines, JI, Wang, G, Wheatley, PJ & Winn, JN 2022, 'Transit timings variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 510, no. 4, pp. 5464-5485. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3483

TY - JOUR

T1 - Transit timings variations in the three-planet system

T2 - TOI-270

AU - Kaye, Laurel

AU - Vissapragada, Shreyas

AU - Günther, Maximilian N.

AU - Aigrain, Suzanne

AU - Mikal-Evans, Thomas

AU - Jensen, Eric L.N.

AU - Parviainen, Hannu

AU - Pozuelos, Francisco J.

AU - Abe, Lyu

AU - Acton, Jack S.

AU - Agabi, Abdelkrim

AU - Alves, Douglas R.

AU - Anderson, David R.

AU - Armstrong, David J.

AU - Barkaoui, Khalid

AU - Barragán, Oscar

AU - Benneke, Björn

AU - Boyd, Patricia T.

AU - Brahm, Rafael

AU - Bruni, Ivan

AU - Bryant, Edward M.

AU - Burleigh, Matthew R.

AU - Casewell, Sarah L.

AU - Ciardi, David

AU - Cloutier, Ryan

AU - Collins, Karen A.

AU - Collins, Kevin I.

AU - Conti, Dennis M.

AU - Crossfield, Ian J.M.

AU - Crouzet, Nicolas

AU - Daylan, Tansu

AU - Dragomir, Diana

AU - Dransfield, Georgina

AU - Fabrycky, Daniel

AU - Fausnaugh, Michael

AU - Fuurész, Gábor

AU - Gan, Tianjun

AU - Gill, Samuel

AU - Gillon, Michaël

AU - Goad, Michael R.

AU - Gorjian, Varoujan

AU - Greklek-Mckeon, Michael

AU - Guerrero, Natalia

AU - Guillot, Tristan

AU - Jehin, Emmanuël

AU - Jenkins, J. S.

AU - Lendl, Monika

AU - Kamler, Jacob

AU - Kane, Stephen R.

AU - Kielkopf, John F.

AU - Kunimoto, Michelle

AU - Marie-Sainte, Wenceslas

AU - Mccormac, James

AU - Mékarnia, Djamel

AU - Morales, Farisa Y.

AU - Moyano, Maximiliano

AU - Palle, Enric

AU - Parmentier, Vivien

AU - Relles, Howard M.

AU - Schmider, François Xavier

AU - Schwarz, Richard P.

AU - Seager, S.

AU - Smith, Alexis M.S.

AU - Tan, Thiam Guan

AU - Taylor, Jake

AU - Triaud, Amaury H.M.J.

AU - Twicken, Joseph D.

AU - Udry, Stephane

AU - Vines, J. I.

AU - Wang, Gavin

AU - Wheatley, Peter J.

AU - Winn, Joshua N.

PY - 2022/3/1

Y1 - 2022/3/1

N2 - We present ground- and space-based photometric observations of TOI-270 (L231-32), a system of three transiting planets consisting of one super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes discovered by TESS around a bright (K-mag = 8.25) M3V dwarf. The planets orbit near low-order mean-motion resonances (5:3 and 2:1) and are thus expected to exhibit large transit timing variations (TTVs). Following an extensive observing campaign using eight different observatories between 2018 and 2020, we now report a clear detection of TTVs for planets c and d, with amplitudes of ∼10 min and a super-period of ∼3 yr, as well as significantly refined estimates of the radii and mean orbital periods of all three planets. Dynamical modelling of the TTVs alone puts strong constraints on the mass ratio of planets c and d and on their eccentricities. When incorporating recently published constraints from radial velocity observations, we obtain masses of Mb=1.48± 0.18, M⊕, Mc=6.20± 0.31, M⊕, and Md=4.20± 0.16, M⊕ for planets b, c, and d, respectively. We also detect small but significant eccentricities for all three planets: eb = 0.0167 ± 0.0084, ec = 0.0044 ± 0.0006, and ed = 0.0066 ± 0.0020. Our findings imply an Earth-like rocky composition for the inner planet, and Earth-like cores with an additional He/H2O atmosphere for the outer two. TOI-270 is now one of the best constrained systems of small transiting planets, and it remains an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

AB - We present ground- and space-based photometric observations of TOI-270 (L231-32), a system of three transiting planets consisting of one super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes discovered by TESS around a bright (K-mag = 8.25) M3V dwarf. The planets orbit near low-order mean-motion resonances (5:3 and 2:1) and are thus expected to exhibit large transit timing variations (TTVs). Following an extensive observing campaign using eight different observatories between 2018 and 2020, we now report a clear detection of TTVs for planets c and d, with amplitudes of ∼10 min and a super-period of ∼3 yr, as well as significantly refined estimates of the radii and mean orbital periods of all three planets. Dynamical modelling of the TTVs alone puts strong constraints on the mass ratio of planets c and d and on their eccentricities. When incorporating recently published constraints from radial velocity observations, we obtain masses of Mb=1.48± 0.18, M⊕, Mc=6.20± 0.31, M⊕, and Md=4.20± 0.16, M⊕ for planets b, c, and d, respectively. We also detect small but significant eccentricities for all three planets: eb = 0.0167 ± 0.0084, ec = 0.0044 ± 0.0006, and ed = 0.0066 ± 0.0020. Our findings imply an Earth-like rocky composition for the inner planet, and Earth-like cores with an additional He/H2O atmosphere for the outer two. TOI-270 is now one of the best constrained systems of small transiting planets, and it remains an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

KW - planets and satellites: composition

KW - planets and satellites: formation

KW - planets and satellites: fundamental parameters

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125343274&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stab3483

DO - 10.1093/mnras/stab3483

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85125343274

SN - 0035-8711

VL - 510

SP - 5464

EP - 5485

JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

IS - 4

ER -

Transit timings variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270

Abstract

Keywords

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