TY - JOUR
T1 - Planet formation and migration near the silicate sublimation front in protoplanetary disks
AU - Flock, Mario
AU - Turner, Neal J.
AU - Mulders, Gijs D.
AU - Hasegawa, Yasuhiro
AU - Nelson, Richard P.
AU - Bitsch, Bertram
N1 - Funding Information:
cussions and comments on this work. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and with the support of the NASA Exoplanets Research program via grant 14XRP14_2-0153. M.F. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 757957). This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY-1748958. B.B. thanks the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 757448-PAMDORA) for their financial support. This research was supported by STFC Consolidated grants awarded to the QMUL Astronomy Unit 2015-2018 ST/M001202/1 and 2017-2020 ST/P000592/1. Copyright 2019 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.
Publisher Copyright:
© M. Flock et al. 2019.
PY - 2019/10/1
Y1 - 2019/10/1
N2 - Context. The increasing number of newly detected exoplanets at short orbital periods raises questions about their formation and migration histories. Planet formation and migration depend heavily on the structure and dynamics of protoplanetary disks. A particular puzzle that requires explanation arises from one of the key results of the Kepler mission, namely the increase in the planetary occurrence rate with orbital period up to 10 days for F, G, K and M stars. Aims. We investigate the conditions for planet formation and migration near the dust sublimation front in protostellar disks around young Sun-like stars. We are especially interested in determining the positions where the drift of pebbles would be stopped, and where the migration of Earth-like planets and super-Earths would be halted. Methods. For this analysis we use iterative 2D radiation hydrostatic disk models which include irradiation by the star, and dust sublimation and deposition depending on the local temperature and vapor pressure. Results. Our results show the temperature and density structure of a gas and dust disk around a young Sun-like star. We perform a parameter study by varying the magnetized turbulence onset temperature, the accretion stress, the dust mass fraction, and the mass accretion rate. Our models feature a gas-only inner disk, a silicate sublimation front and dust rim starting at around 0.08 au, an ionization transition zone with a corresponding density jump, and a pressure maximum which acts as a pebble trap at around 0.12 au. Migration torque maps show Earth- and super-Earth-mass planets halt in our model disks at orbital periods ranging from 10 to 22 days. Conclusions. Such periods are in good agreement with both the inferred location of the innermost planets in multiplanetary systems, and the break in planet occurrence rates from the Kepler sample at 10 days. In particular, models with small grains depleted produce a trap located at a 10-day orbital period, while models with a higher abundance of small grains present a trap at around a 17-day orbital period. The snow line lies at 1.6 au, near where the occurrence rate of the giant planets peaks. We conclude that the dust sublimation zone is crucial for forming close-in planets, especially when considering tightly packed super-Earth systems.
AB - Context. The increasing number of newly detected exoplanets at short orbital periods raises questions about their formation and migration histories. Planet formation and migration depend heavily on the structure and dynamics of protoplanetary disks. A particular puzzle that requires explanation arises from one of the key results of the Kepler mission, namely the increase in the planetary occurrence rate with orbital period up to 10 days for F, G, K and M stars. Aims. We investigate the conditions for planet formation and migration near the dust sublimation front in protostellar disks around young Sun-like stars. We are especially interested in determining the positions where the drift of pebbles would be stopped, and where the migration of Earth-like planets and super-Earths would be halted. Methods. For this analysis we use iterative 2D radiation hydrostatic disk models which include irradiation by the star, and dust sublimation and deposition depending on the local temperature and vapor pressure. Results. Our results show the temperature and density structure of a gas and dust disk around a young Sun-like star. We perform a parameter study by varying the magnetized turbulence onset temperature, the accretion stress, the dust mass fraction, and the mass accretion rate. Our models feature a gas-only inner disk, a silicate sublimation front and dust rim starting at around 0.08 au, an ionization transition zone with a corresponding density jump, and a pressure maximum which acts as a pebble trap at around 0.12 au. Migration torque maps show Earth- and super-Earth-mass planets halt in our model disks at orbital periods ranging from 10 to 22 days. Conclusions. Such periods are in good agreement with both the inferred location of the innermost planets in multiplanetary systems, and the break in planet occurrence rates from the Kepler sample at 10 days. In particular, models with small grains depleted produce a trap located at a 10-day orbital period, while models with a higher abundance of small grains present a trap at around a 17-day orbital period. The snow line lies at 1.6 au, near where the occurrence rate of the giant planets peaks. We conclude that the dust sublimation zone is crucial for forming close-in planets, especially when considering tightly packed super-Earth systems.
KW - Accretion, accretion disks
KW - Hydrodynamics
KW - Protoplanetary disks
KW - Radiative transfer
KW - Turbulence
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103740897&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/201935806
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/201935806
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85103740897
SN - 0004-6361
VL - 630
JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics
M1 - A147
ER -