TY - JOUR
T1 - Galactic center gamma-ray production by cosmic rays from stellar winds and Sgr A East
AU - Scherer, Andrés
AU - Cuadra, Jorge
AU - Bauer, Franz E.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknolw edgements. We thank the anonymous referee for their useful comments. This project was partially funded by the Max Planck Society through a “Partner Group” grant. A.S. acknowledges the help and useful comments by Brian Reville, the hospitality of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, where part of the work was carried out, and funding from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). J.C. acknowledges financial support from FONDE-CYT Regular 1211429. FEB acknowledges support from ANID-Chile Basal AFB-170002, FONDECYT Regular 1200495 and 1190818, and Millennium Science Initiative Program - ICN12_009. The Geryon cluster at the Centro de Astro-Ingenieria UC was extensively used for the calculations performed in this paper. BASAL CATA PFB-06, the Anillo ACT-86, FONDEQUIP AIC-57, and QUIMAL 130008 provided funding for several improvements to the cluster.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 ESO.
PY - 2022/3/1
Y1 - 2022/3/1
N2 - Context. The High Energy Stereoscopic System, the Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescope, and the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System have observed diffuse gamma-ray emission strongly correlated with the central molecular zone in the Galactic center. The most accepted scenario to generate this emission is via a hadronic interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and ambient gas, where CRs are accelerated from a central and continuous source of 1 PeV protons. Aims. We explore the influence of the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the central molecular zone on the indirect observation of the CR energy density via gamma-ray detection. Methods. We simulated synthetic gamma-ray maps using a CR diffusion model with spherical injection, one isotropic diffusion coefficient, no advection, and mono-energetic particles of 1 PeV. Also, we used two different 3D gas distributions considering the observed gas column density, both with and without an inner cavity. Results. We find that when using a persistent CR source, a disk-like gas distribution is needed to reproduce the existing CR indirect observations. This is in agreement with the continuous gas distribution implied by some dynamical models and studies based on the comparison of emission and absorption molecular lines. However, it contradicts several models of the central molecular zone, which imply that this structure has a significant inner cavity. This tension can be reconciled by an additional, impulsive CR injection. Conclusions. If the central molecular zone has a cavity, a composite CR population, coming from the stellar winds of the Wolf-Rayet stars in the central 0.5 pc and the supernova Sgr A East, produces a good match to the observed gamma-ray morphology in the Galactic center.
AB - Context. The High Energy Stereoscopic System, the Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescope, and the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System have observed diffuse gamma-ray emission strongly correlated with the central molecular zone in the Galactic center. The most accepted scenario to generate this emission is via a hadronic interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and ambient gas, where CRs are accelerated from a central and continuous source of 1 PeV protons. Aims. We explore the influence of the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the central molecular zone on the indirect observation of the CR energy density via gamma-ray detection. Methods. We simulated synthetic gamma-ray maps using a CR diffusion model with spherical injection, one isotropic diffusion coefficient, no advection, and mono-energetic particles of 1 PeV. Also, we used two different 3D gas distributions considering the observed gas column density, both with and without an inner cavity. Results. We find that when using a persistent CR source, a disk-like gas distribution is needed to reproduce the existing CR indirect observations. This is in agreement with the continuous gas distribution implied by some dynamical models and studies based on the comparison of emission and absorption molecular lines. However, it contradicts several models of the central molecular zone, which imply that this structure has a significant inner cavity. This tension can be reconciled by an additional, impulsive CR injection. Conclusions. If the central molecular zone has a cavity, a composite CR population, coming from the stellar winds of the Wolf-Rayet stars in the central 0.5 pc and the supernova Sgr A East, produces a good match to the observed gamma-ray morphology in the Galactic center.
KW - Cosmic rays
KW - Galaxy: center
KW - Gamma rays: general
KW - ISM: clouds
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85127265396&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202142401
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202142401
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85127265396
SN - 0004-6361
VL - 659
JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics
M1 - A105
ER -